Hormones can primarily influence which of the following processes in organisms?

Hormones play a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes in organisms, and one of their primary functions is to influence metabolism and growth.

Hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, directly affect metabolic pathways by regulating how cells utilize glucose and fatty acids for energy. For example, insulin promotes the uptake of glucose by cells and encourages its conversion into glycogen for storage, effectively lowering blood sugar levels. Conversely, hormones like adrenaline can stimulate the release of glucose from glycogen stores, increasing blood sugar levels to provide energy during stress or physical activity.

In terms of growth, hormones like growth hormone (GH) and thyroxine influence development and maturation in various organisms. Growth hormone promotes tissue growth and muscle development, while thyroxine regulates metabolic rate, which can affect overall growth and energy expenditure.

The other processes mentioned in the choices—DNA replication and cell division, photosynthesis and cellular respiration, and protein synthesis and cell repair—are also essential to cellular function and organismal health, but they are not primarily regulated by hormones in the same direct manner. For example, while hormones may have some indirect influences on these processes, their primary roles center around metabolism and growth.