In the context of biological signaling, what is the function of an effector?

The role of an effector in biological signaling is to respond to signals and bring about a change in the target cell. Upon receiving a signal, effector molecules are activated and can initiate various cellular responses, such as altering gene expression, modifying enzyme activity, or triggering physiological changes in the cell. This response is essential for translating the external signals, often mediated by receptors that detect these signals, into functional outcomes or actions, thereby contributing to the overall communication and regulation within biological systems.

In contrast, options related to signal transmission, ligand binding, or catalyzing metabolic reactions refer to different aspects of cellular processes. Transmitting signals focuses on intercellular communication, while binding with ligands relates to receptor interactions, and catalyzing reactions involves enzyme functions not directly linked to the effector's primary role in response mechanisms.