What describes the monthly cycle of ovulation and menstruation in human females?

The monthly cycle of ovulation and menstruation in human females is referred to as the menstrual cycle. This cycle involves a series of physiological changes and processes within the female reproductive system, typically spanning about 28 days, although it can vary among individuals.

The menstrual cycle is characterized by distinct phases, including the follicular phase, ovulation, the luteal phase, and menstruation. During this cycle, hormonal fluctuations, primarily involving estrogen and progesterone, regulate the thickening of the endometrial lining in preparation for a potential pregnancy, as well as the release of an ovum (egg). If fertilization does not occur, hormone levels drop, leading to the shedding of the uterine lining, which is observed as menstruation.

While other terms mentioned, such as "reproductive phase," "hormonal cycle," and "estrogen phase," may describe aspects of the menstrual cycle and its hormonal regulation, none specify the complete cycle and its bi-weekly phases as accurately as the term menstrual cycle. Thus, the term "menstrual cycle" encompasses the ongoing pattern of ovulation and menstruation, making it the most precise choice.