What does "denaturation" refer to in the context of proteins?

Denaturation in the context of proteins refers to a structural change that disrupts the protein's normal conformation, ultimately leading to a loss of its biological properties and functionality. This process can be caused by various factors, including heat, pH changes, or chemicals, which alter the bonds that maintain the protein's three-dimensional structure. When a protein is denatured, its active site may become distorted, preventing it from binding properly to substrates or performing its intended biochemical functions.

The biological properties lost during denaturation can include enzyme activity, solubility, and the ability to interact with other molecules. This is particularly significant in biological systems, where the specific shape of a protein is crucial for its role in cellular processes. While some proteins can fold back into their original shape under favorable conditions, many denatured proteins do not regain their functionality, reinforcing the importance of proper protein structure for biological activity.