What effect does altruism typically have on the reproductive success of the altruist?

Altruism is a behavior that benefits others at a cost to oneself. In biological terms, it often refers to actions that may reduce an individual’s own chances of survival or reproductive success in order to help others, typically those who share genes (kin selection) or to promote the general welfare of a community (social altruism).

When an individual acts altruistically, they may sacrifice resources, time, or even their own safety, which can lead to a decrease in their own reproductive success. For instance, if an individual spends time caring for the offspring of others or helping to defend a group rather than reproducing themselves, they may have fewer chances to pass on their own genes.

However, it's important to note that altruistic behavior can sometimes have long-term indirect benefits on reproduction. By helping relatives or enhancing group survival, an individual's own genetic success may be improved indirectly in the future through increased survival of shared genes. This is why the alternative answer regarding indirect increases could also appear plausible.

In summary, while altruism often directly decreases the reproductive opportunities of the altruist due to the energy and resources spent on others, it can enhance reproductive success indirectly over time through kin selection or social structures. However, the primary consequence of altruistic behavior is that it