What is the name of the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells, typically seen in prokaryotic reproduction?

Binary fission is the process by which a prokaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells. This method of reproduction is characteristic of prokaryotes, such as bacteria, where the cell grows, duplicates its genetic material, and then divides into two nearly identical cells. During binary fission, the circular DNA molecule is replicated, and then the cell elongates before the membrane pinches inwards, ultimately separating the two daughter cells.

In contrast, mitosis and meiosis are processes used in eukaryotes. Mitosis involves a series of steps (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) that ensure the accurate division of DNA among daughter cells, and meiosis is specifically involved in producing gametes for sexual reproduction. Fragmentation refers to a form of asexual reproduction where an organism's body breaks into distinct pieces, each of which can develop into a new organism, and is not typical in the context of prokaryotic cell division. Therefore, the unique characteristics of binary fission are what make it the correct answer in this context.