What is the term for the covalent bond formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another?

The term for the covalent bond formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another is indeed peptide linkage. This bond is essential in the formation of proteins, as it links amino acids together in a specific sequence to create polypeptides and ultimately functional proteins.

During the process of protein synthesis, known as translation, amino acids are brought together, and the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another, resulting in the release of a molecule of water (a dehydration reaction). This reaction not only forms a peptide bond but also contributes significantly to the overall structure and function of proteins. Peptide linkages create a chain-like structure that can fold into complex three-dimensional shapes, which are crucial for the proteins' function in biological systems.

In contrast, disulfide bonds are formed between cysteine residues and provide stability to protein structures, hydrogen bonds are weaker interactions that can form between various molecular groups, and glycosidic bonds are specific to carbohydrates, linking sugar molecules. These terms correspond to different types of chemical interactions in biology and underscore the diversity of molecular bonds essential for life.