What is the term for the conversion of an impulse or stimulus from one physical or chemical form to another?

The correct term for the conversion of an impulse or stimulus from one physical or chemical form to another is signal transduction. This process is fundamental in biological systems, as it allows cells to respond to external signals, such as hormones or environmental changes, by triggering specific cellular responses. During signal transduction, signals are received by receptors on the cell surface, which then initiate a cascade of biochemical reactions within the cell to convey the signal and produce a response. This conversion ensures that the original stimulus, whether it be a chemical ligand, light, or another form of energy, is appropriately translated into a cellular action or change.

Understanding signal transduction is crucial for comprehending how cells communicate and coordinate their functions, maintain homeostasis, and respond to their environment. The process is integral to many biological phenomena, including growth, immunity, and metabolism.