What process involves the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids?

The process that involves the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids is called proteolysis. This is a critical biological mechanism where enzymes, known as proteases, cleave the peptide bonds within proteins. Proteolysis serves various functions in the cell, including the degradation of misfolded or damaged proteins, the regulation of biological processes by activating or inactivating certain proteins, and providing amino acids for new protein synthesis or for energy production.

In the context of protein metabolism, proteolysis is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and responding to physiological changes. It allows the recycling of amino acids, which can be reused to synthesize new proteins, thus playing a key role in growth, repair, and response to environmental stimuli.