Which term refers to a change in the amount or structure of DNA in a chromosome?

The term that refers to a change in the amount or structure of DNA in a chromosome is mutation. Mutations can involve alterations in the DNA sequence, such as substitutions, deletions, or insertions of nucleotides. They can also result in larger-scale changes affecting entire sections of DNA or whole genes. This can lead to various consequences, including changes in phenotype, regulation of gene expression, or even the development of diseases.

Other processes mentioned, such as replication, focus on the copying of DNA to ensure that genetic information is accurately transmitted during cell division, while transcription involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. Translocation specifically refers to a structural change where a segment of a chromosome is moved to another chromosome, which is distinct from a mutation that alters the DNA within the chromosome itself.